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Chinese historiography refers to the study of Chinese history, looking at the methodological approaches historians have taken and the sources they have used. ==History of Chinese historians== The oldest surviving history text of China were compiled in the ''Classic of History''. Although they seem to date back only to the rise of Zhou (c. 1046 BCE), the recording of Chinese history dates back to the Shang dynasty. The ''Spring and Autumn Annals'' are the official chronicle of the State of Lu, and this covers the period from 722 to 481 BC; it is among the earliest surviving Chinese historical texts to be arranged as an annal. The compilation of both these works is traditionally ascribed to Confucius. The ''Zuo Zhuan'', attributed to Zuo Qiuming in the 5th century BC, is the earliest Chinese work of narrative history and covers the period from 722 to 468 BC. The anonymous ''Zhan Guo Ce'' was a renowned ancient Chinese historical work composed of sporadic materials on the Warring States period between the 3rd and 1st centuries BC. The first systematic Chinese historical text, the ''Records of the Grand Historian'', was written by Sima Qian (c. 145 or 135–86BC) and his father. The book covers the period from the time of the Yellow Emperor up to the author's own lifetime. Because of his highly praised and highly copied work, Sima Qian is often regarded as the father of Chinese historiography. The Twenty-Four Histories, the official compilations of the histories of those dynasties considered legitimate by imperial Chinese historians, all copied Sima Qian's format. Typically, rulers initiating a new dynasty would employ scholars to compile a final history from the annals and records of the previous one. The ''Shitong'' was the first Chinese work about historiography. It was compiled by Liu Zhiji between 708 and 710 AD. The book describes the general pattern of the official dynastic histories with regard to the structure, method, arrangement, sequence, caption, and commentary dating back to the Warring States era. The ''Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government'' was a pioneering reference work in Chinese historiography. Emperor Yingzong of Song ordered Sima Guang and other scholars to begin compiling this universal history of China in 1065, and they presented it to his successor Shenzong in 1084. It contains 294 volumes and about three million characters and narrates the history of China from 403 BC to the beginning of the Song in 959. This style broke a nearly-thousand-year tradition dating back to Sima Qian of employing annals for imperial reigns but biographies or treatises for other topics. The more consistent style of the ''Comprehensive Mirror'' was not followed by later official histories. In the mid 13th century, Ouyang Xiu was heavily influenced by the work of Xue Juzheng. This led to the creation of the ''New History of the Five Dynasties'', which covered five dynasties in over 70 chapters. Toward the end of the Qing dynasty, scholars looked to Japan and the West for models. Although deeply learned in the traditions he now saw as “traditional,” in the late 1890s Liang Qichao began to publish extensive and influential studies and polemics, which converted his young readers to a new type of historiography which he saw as scientific in its methods. This next generation became professional historians, trained and teaching in universities. They included Hu Shi, Gu Jiegang, and Tsiang Tingfu, who were PhDs from Columbia University, the center of the American “New History,” and Chen Yinke, who prepared his investigations into medieval Chinese history both in Europe and the United States. Other historians, such as Qian Mu, who was trained largely through independent study, were more conservative but remained innovative in their response to world trends.〔Laurence A. Schneider, ''Ku Chieh-Kang and China's New History; Nationalism and the Quest for Alternative Traditions'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971), ''passim''〕 In the 1920s, wide-ranging scholars such as Guo Moruo adopted and adapted Marxism in order to portray China as a nation among nations rather than an exotic and isolated history. The ensuing years saw historians such as Wu Han master both Western theories, including Marxism, and Chinese learning.〔Mary Gale Mazur, ''Wu Han, Historian: Son of China's Times'' (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2009)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chinese historiography」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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